Zviitiko Zvikuru zveMutemo zvePFAS muFrance neEuropean Union
- 12 Ndira 2021Murairo (EU) 2020/2184 pamusoro peHunhu hweMvura Yakagadzirirwa Kushandiswa Kwevanhu wakatanga kushanda, uchiisa PFAS muhurongwa hwemitemo yemvura yekunwa yeEU kekutanga. Murairo wacho wakasimbisa zviyero zve "PFAS Total" ne "Sum of PFAS", uchida kuti Nyika Dzenhengo dzibatanidze PFAS yekutarisa mukutarisira mvura yekunwa.
- 12 Ndira 2023Nhengo dzeEU, kusanganisira France, dzakafanirwa kuchinja Directive (EU) 2020/2184 kuita mutemo wenyika, zvichitanga kushandiswa kwezvinodiwa zvitsva zvePFAS zvekutarisa nekutevedzera mitemo.
- 4 Kubvumbi 2024Hurumende yeFrance yakatanga chirongwa cheInterministerial PFAS Action Plan (2024–2027), ichiisa hurongwa hwenyika yese hwekusimbisa kutariswa kwePFAS, kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo mumaindasitiri, kuvandudza kutariswa kwemvura yekunwa, kukurumidzisa kutsvagurudza kwesainzi, uye kuwedzera kujeka kweveruzhinji.
- 12 Ndira 2026Maitiro ePFAS parametric akasimbiswa pasi peDirective (EU) 2020/2184 anotanga kushanda zvizere muEuropean Union. Vatengesi vemvura vanotarisirwa kutevedzera mitemo yePFAS mumvura yekunwa, zvichiita kuti kurapwa kwemvura isati yatanga uye kugadziriswa kwekurapa kwepamberi kuve kwakakosha.
Kunyangwe matekinoroji akadai segranular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange, nanofiltration (NF), uye reverse osmosis (RO) zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya kuderedza PFAS, kushanda zvakanaka kwazvo kunoenderana zvikuru nemhando yemvura inouya. Kuwanda kwe suspended solids, colloidal particles, turbidity, uye natural organic matter (NOM) zvinogona kukurumidzisa membrane fouling, kuwedzera activated carbon loading, uye kuwedzera mari yekushanda.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, kugwinya kweropa nekujekesa kwave kuri kukosha zvakanyanya.PolyDADMACanofanirahaifanirwe kuonekwa sekemikari yekubvisa zvakananga PFAS. Asi, inoshanda se cationic coagulant ine simba rakawanda inowedzera kurapwa kwekutanga nekuvandudza mashandiro ekugwamba kweropa, kuderedza zvinhu zvakamiswa, uye kugadzira mamiriro ekushanda akanaka kune tekinoroji yekurapa yePFAS iri pasi.
MuChinyorwa Chino
Muchinyorwa chino, muchadzidza:
- Nei kurapwa kwekutanga kuri kuramba kuchikosha kune masisitimu ekurapa ePFAS.
- Maitiro ePolyDADMAC ekuvandudza sei kuvharika uye kujekesa.
- Kurapa kwekutanga kunobatsira sei kushanda kwekabhoni uye membrane.
- Zvinhu zvinokosha pakusarudza PolyDADMAC yekurapa mvura yemumaguta neindasitiri.
Nei Kurapa Nekushandisa Zvinobudirira Kuchikosha Pakurapa Mvura Kwemazuva Ano?
Sezvo mitemo yekurapa mvura ichiramba ichichinja, makambani emagetsi anotarisirwa kubvisa kwete chete tsvina yakajairika asiwo tsvina iri kubuda ukuwo achichengetedza mashandiro anoshanda zvakanaka uye asingadhuri. Matekinoroji epamusoro ekurapa akadai segranular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange, nanofiltration (NF), uye reverse osmosis (RO) ave kuwanda, asi kushanda kwawo kwenguva refu kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekurapa kunobudirira.
Kusagadziriswa zvakanaka kwechinhu chisina kusimba, zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa, turbidity, uye zvinhu zvakasikwa zvechisikigo (NOM) kuti zvipinde muhurongwa hwekurapa. Tsvina iyi inogona kukurumidzisa kusvibiswa kwemembrane, kuwedzera activated carbon loading, kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwechinhu, uye kuwedzera mari yekugadzirisa nekushandisa.
Inoshanda kuonda uye kujekesa kunobatsira kubvisa tsvina idzi dzisiri dzechinangwa usati watanga kurapwa kwepamusoro. Nekuvandudza hunhu hwemvura panguva yekurapwa isati yatanga, mafekitori emvura anogona kuwedzera kuvimbika uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro ekutevera ukuwo achiwedzera hupenyu hwebasa remichina yekurapa.
Kune masisitimu ekurapa anobata zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvakaita sePFAS, kurapwa kwekutanga hakubvisi zvakananga mishonga yacho, asi kunopa simba rakachena rinobatsira matekinoroji epamusoro kushanda zvakanaka uye nguva dzose.
Maitiro ePolyDADMAC Anovandudza Sei Kubatana Kwemagetsi?
PolyDADMACine huwandu hwakawanda hwekuchajacationic polymerinoshandiswa zvakanyanya senzira huru yekubatsira mukubatanidza mvura yekunwa uye mukurapa mvura yemumaindasitiri. Kusiyana nemidziyo yekudzivirira isina kugadzirwa iyo inonyanya kushandisa simbi munyu, PolyDADMAC inoshanda zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekushandisa charge neutralization, ichikurumidza kukanganisa simbi dzakamiswa dzine charge yakaipa uye colloids kuti isimudzire kuumbwa kweflocs hombe, dzakasimba.
Kuumbwa kwefloc kwakawedzerwa uku kunovandudza kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba-yakasimba panguva yekusefa uye kuisirwa, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwemvura uye kudzikira kwemvura yakasimba yakamiswa mumvura yakarapwa. Nekugadzira floc dzakasimba uye dzakaoma, PolyDADMAC inogonawo kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwemvura isina kucheneswa, zvichibatsira zvirimwa zvekurapa kuchengetedza kushanda kwakasimba.
Munzira dzemazuva ano dzekurapa mvura, kuomesesa kwakanaka kunopfuura danho rekurapa rinowanzoitwa kare—kunoisa hwaro hwemaitiro ekutevera. Kuchenesa kwakachena kunopinda muzvikamu zvekurapa zvepamusoro kunogona kubatsira kuderedza mutoro wezvinhu zvisina basa, kuvandudza kugadzikana kwekushanda, uye kutsigira kushanda zvakanaka kwetekinoroji dzakadai sekunyudzwa kwekabhoni uye kupfapfaidzwa kwemembrane.
Kunyangwe PolyDADMAC isina kugadzirwa kubvisa PFAS zvakananga, kugona kwayo kugadzirisa kuvharika kwemasero uye kujekesa kunoita kuti ive kemikari inokosha yekurapa muzvipatara zvekurapa uko matekinoroji ekubvisa masero ePFAS anoshandiswa. Nekuvandudza mhando yemvura isati yasvika kune idzi nzira dziri pasi, PolyDADMAC inobatsira mukurapa kwakavimbika uye kunoshanda.
Kuderedza Zvinhu Zvakasimba Zvakasungirirwa Usati Watanga Kurapa Kwepamusoro
Zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa mashandiro ekugadzirisa mvura. Zvidimbu zvakapfava, macolloid, nezvimwe zvinhu zvisinganyungudike zvinogona kupfuura nepasati pagadziriswa zvakakwana, zvichiwedzera mutoro pamayuniti ekugadzirisa ari pasi uye zvichikonzera mari yakawanda yekushanda nekugadzirisa.
Nekuwedzera kuonda uye kuumbwa kwefloc, PolyDADMAC inobatsira kubvisa zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa zvinobudirira panguva yekucheneswa uye kudonha kwevhu. Mafloc akakura, akasimba anogadzikana zviri nyore, zvichiita kuti mvura ive yakajeka inopinda muzvikamu zvinotevera zvekurapa.
Kuderedza zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa usati watanga kurapwa kwepamusoro kune mabhenefiti akawanda ekushanda, anosanganisira:
- Kuderedza kurodha kwezvimedu pamatanho ekurapa ari pasi
- Kujekeswa kwakavandudzwa uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekusefa
- Kushanda kwakasimba kana mamiriro emvura asina kubikwa achichinja
- Kuderedzwa kwezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza kwemaitiro anotevera ekurapa
Kunyangwe zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa zvisiri zvePFAS, kuderedza kuvapo kwazvo panguva yekurapwa kunogadzira mamiriro ekushanda akanaka kune matekinoroji epamusoro akadai sekusefa kabhoni nemembrane. Izvi zvinobvumira masisitimu aya kutarisa pakubvisa zvinhu zvinosvibisa pane kubata zvinhu zvakawandisa, zvichibatsira kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekurapa uye kuvimbika kwekushanda.
Kutsigira Kushanda Kwekabhoni Yakagadziriswa
1. Granular activated carbon (GAC) inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurapa kwemvura yepamusoro kubvisa tsvina ye organic, kusanganisira PFAS. GAC inonyanya kubvisa PFASs ne hydrophobic interactions, mashandiro ayo anogona kukanganiswa nehunhu hwemvura ine simba. Huwandu hwakawanda hwe suspended solids, colloidal particles, uye natural organic matter (NOM) zvinogona kutora nzvimbo dzekunyungudutsa mvura, kuwedzera kurasikirwa nemusoro, uye kupfupisa hupenyu hwebasa re carbon bed.
Kudyidzana kwemagetsi nemapoka anoshanda e polyDADMAC e quaternary ammonium kwakabatsira kusunga ma organic ne inorganic ions pamwe ne headgroup ye short-chain PFASs, zvichibvumira kubviswa kwePFAS zvakanyanya neGAC. Muchiitiko ichocho, kunyudzwa kwe anionic PFASs kunogona kuwedzerwa nekuwedzera ma cationic polymers akadai se poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC).
2. Kurapa kwakanaka usati washandisa PolyDADMAC kunobatsira kuvandudza kuonda uye kujekesa, zvichideredza huwandu hwezvinhu zvidiki uye mutoro wezvisikwa zvinopinda muGAC system. Kuchenesa kunoita kuti kabhoni ishande mumamiriro ezvinhu akagadzikana, zvichibatsira kuchengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwemvura inonyungudika uye kuderedza kuwacha kwemusana kana kutsiva kabhoni.
Sechikamu chechirongwa chekurapa chakagadzirwa zvakanaka, kurapwa kwakagadzirwa zvakanaka kunogona kubatsira mukushanda kwakavimbika uye kuvandudza mashandiro eGAC.
Deredza Kusvibiswa kweMembrane kuburikidza nekujekesa zviri nani
Matekinoroji eMembrane akadai se ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), uye reverse osmosis (RO) ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya mukurapa mvura kwemazuva ano nekuda kwekushanda kwawo kwakanyanya kwekuparadzanisa. Zvisinei, kushanda kwemembrane kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekurapa kunobudirira. Zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa, zvikamu zvecolloidal, uye zvinhu zvakasikwa zveorganic (NOM) zvisina kubviswa zvakakwana zvinogona kuungana pamusoro pemembrane, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa, kuderera kwemvura inoyerera, uye kuchenesa kakawanda.
Nekuvandudza kuonda uye kujekesa, PolyDADMAC inobatsira kuderedza mutoro wezvikamu zvinopinda mu membrane systems. Kubviswa kwezvikamu zvidiki uye colloids zviri nani kunobatsira kuti membrane ishande zvakanaka, zvichiita kuti membrane ishande mumamiriro ezvinhu akagadzikana.
Kunyangwe hazvo PolyDADMAC isingadziviriri kusvibiswa kwemembrane zvakananga, kugadzirisa kurapwa kwekutanga kunogona kubatsira kuderedza njodzi yekusvibiswa kwezvikamu, kuderedza kuwanda kwekuchenesa, uye kutsigira mashandiro enguva refu. Sechikamu chemaitiro ekurapa akabatanidzwa, kujekesa kunoshanda kunobatsira kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvimbika kwemasisitimu ekusefa membrane ari pasi.
Maitiro ePolyDADMAC muMatunhu eMatunhu uye eMaindasitiri eKurapa Mvura
PolyDADMAC inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurapa mvura yemumaguta nemaindasitiri nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwe cationic charge, kukurumidza kuonda, uye kuenderana kwayo nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekurapa. Inogona kushandiswa se coagulant yekutanga kana se coagulant aid yekuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwemvura isina kucheneswa.
Mukurapa mvura yekunwa yemumaguta, PolyDADMAC inowanzoshandiswa kuderedza kusviba, zvinhu zvakaoma zvakamiswa, uye zvidimbu zvecolloidal zvisati zvasefa uye kupiswa. Kurapa kwakanaka kusati kwaitwa kunobatsira kudzikamisa kunaka kwemvura uye kunovandudza mashandiro ekurapa kwemvura iri pasi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzemvura dzepamusoro apo kuchinja-chinja kwemwaka kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kunaka kwayo.
Mukurapa mvura mumaindasitiri, PolyDADMAC inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira chikafu nezvinwiwa, pulp nemapepa, machira, kugadzira makemikari, migodhi, uye kushandiswazve kwemvura yakasviba. Nekuvandudza kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba uye kushanda zvakanaka, inobatsira kuvandudza mashandiro ekurapa uku ichitsigira mashandiro emiti akasimba.
Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvokufunga nezvazvo Pakusarudza PolyDADMAC
Paunenge uchiongorora PolyDADMAC yekurapa mvura yemumaguta kana yemumaindasitiri, funga nezvezvinhu zvinotevera:
- Kuwanda kweChaji:Kuwanda kwechaji kunowanzoita kuti chaji isashande zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera mvura ine huwandu hwakawanda hwema colloids ane chaji isina kunaka uye zvidimbu zvakamiswa.
- Kuwanda kweChigadzirwa:Liquid PolyDADMC inowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvinoshanda. Kusarudza huwandu hwakakodzera kunogona kubatsira kuenzana nekunyatsorongeka kwedosi, kugona kuchengetwa, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekutakura.
- Hunhu hweMvura Isina Kubikwa:Zvinhu zvakaita se turbidity, suspended solids, natural organic matter (NOM), pH, uye mwaka yakasiyana-siyana zvese zvinokanganisa mashandiro e coagulation uye zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo panguva yekusarudza chigadzirwa.
- Kuenderana neMaitiro Aripo Ekurapa:PolyDADMAC inofanira kuongororwa pamwe chete nemacoagulants aripo, maflocculants, ma dosing systems, uye matekinoroji ekurapa ari pasi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti maitiro akabatana zvakanaka.
- Kuedzwa kweJar uye Kuedzwa kwePilot:Kuongororwa kwezvirongo zvemurabhoritari uye kuongororwa kwemuyedzo panzvimbo yacho kunoramba kuri nzira dzakavimbika dzekuona mwero wakakodzera uye kuona mashandiro ekurapa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ekushanda.
Kusarudza PolyDADMAC grade yakakodzera kunoda kunyatsoongorora hunhu hwemvura yako, zvinangwa zvekurapa, uye zvirevo zvechigadzirwa chako. Kana uchida ruzivo rwakakwana rwezvinodiwa pakusarudza, tarisa chinyorwa chedu chine chekuita nazvo:Maitiro Ekusarudza PolyDADMAC Yakakodzera: Gwaro Rekusarudza Rinoshanda.Inosanganisira zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita sehuremu hwemamorekuru, huwandu hwechaji, viscosity, zviri mukati mechinhu chinoshanda, uye mazano anoenderana nekushandiswa kwacho.
Mhedziso
Kunyangwe PolyDADMAC isina kugadzirwa kubvisa PFAS zvakananga, inoita basa rakakosha rekutsigira nekuvandudza kuonda uye kujekesa, kuderedza zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa, uye kugadzira simba rakachena kune masisitimu ekurapa ari pasi. Mabhenefiti aya anogona kubatsira kutsigira mashandiro ekabhoni akagadzirwa, kuderedza njodzi yekusvibiswa kwemembrane, uye kubatsira mukushanda kwemiti kwakasimba uye kusingadhuri.
Sezvo France neEuropean Union dzichiramba dzichisimbisa mitemo yePFAS, nzvimbo dzekurapa mvura dziri kukoshesa zvikuru kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuvimbika kwemaitiro avo ekurapa. Kune makambani emvura emumaguta nemaindasitiri, kugadzirisa kurapa kwemvura isati yatanga kuri kuva nzira yakakosha yekusangana nezvinodiwa zvemhando yemvura zvakanyanya. Kusarudza PolyDADMAC yakakodzera uye kugadzirisa mashandisirwo ayo kuburikidza nekuyedza kwakakodzera kunogona kubatsira kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekurapa uye kutsigira mashandiro enguva refu emaitiro ekurapa mvura epamusoro.
Mareferensi & Zvinongedzo Zvepamutemo:
- Komisheni yeEuropean Commission. Murairo (EU) 2020/2184 pamusoro peHunhu hweMvura Yakagadzirirwa Kushandiswa Kwevanhu (Kugadziriswazve). Webhusaiti:EUR-Lex - Murairo (EU) 2020/2184
- French Ministry yeEcological Transition. Interministerial Action Plan paPFAS (Plan d'action interministériel sur les PFAS). Webhusaiti:Chirongwa Chekuita nePFAS cheHurumende yeFrance
- PubMed:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861330/
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-09-2026
