Kuwana mvura yakachena, yakachengeteka, uye ine mutengo unonzwisisika kuchiri chimwe chezvinangwa zvakakosha zvehutano hweveruzhinji muLatin America. Mhinduro dzinoshanda dzekurapa mvura dzakakosha pakudzivirira vanhu nenharaunda. Pakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa mukuchenesa mvura yekunwa,Polyaluminium Chloride(PAC) yave imwe yesarudzo dzakakurumbira nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwepamusoro, kushanda kwayo zvakanaka, uye kushanduka-shanduka mumamiriro akasiyana emhando yemvura.
Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura masarudzo ePAC grade yakakodzera kurapwa nemvura yekunwa muLatin America - tichifunga nezvemitemo yemuno, hunhu hwemvura isina kubikwa, uye mwero wemari nerubatsiro - kubatsira vagovanisi, makambani emiti, uye madhipatimendi emvura kuita sarudzo dzekutenga zvine ruzivo.
Chii chinonzi PAC uye nei ichishandiswa pakurapa mvura yekunwa?
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) ipolymer isina organicChinovhara ropa, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kubvisa tsvina, ruvara uye tsvina yeorganic kubva mumvura isina kucheneswa. Kusiyana nealuminium sulfate yechinyakare (alum), PAC inogona kushanda zvakanaka pahuwandu hwakakura hwepH uye kugadzira maflocs akasimba uye akasimba, nokudaro ichigadzikana nekukurumidza.
Mukurapa mvura yekunwa, PAC, senzira huru yekubatanidza zvinhu, inounganidza zvidimbu zvakamiswa, macolloid nezvinhu zvakasikwa zvechisikigo, zvichiita kuti zvibviswe zviri nyore kuburikidza nekusefa uye kupfapfaidzwa.
Zvakanakira zvikuru zvePAC pane zvechinyakare zve alum:
Inoshanda zvinobudirira mukati mehuwandu hwakakura hwepH (5.0-9.0).
Dose yakaderera inodiwa
Gadzira aruminiyamu shoma yasara
Deredza huwandu hwetsvina
Kuvandudza mashandiro ekusefa uye kujeka
Hunhu uhwu hunoita kuti PAC ive yakakodzera zvakanyanya pamvura yepamusoro senge nzizi, matangi emvura nemadziva - izvo zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya munyika dzeLatin America.
Nzwisisa Magiredhi Akasiyana ePAC
Magiredhi uye zvirevo zvePAC (Polyaaluminium chloride) zvinowanzo patsanurwa zvichienderana nezviri muzvikamu zvayo zvikuru uye hunhu hwekushandiswa. Sezvo zviyero zvekugadzira zvePAC zvichigona kuva zviyero zvenyika, zviyero zveindasitiri kana zviyero zvemugadziri, zvirevo zvacho zvinogona kusiyana zvishoma, asi zviratidzo zvikuru zvekuyera ndezvepasi rose.
Zvinotevera ndizvo zviratidzo zvikuru zveYuncang PAC:
| Chinhu | PAC-I | PAC-D | PAC-H | PAC-M | PAC-G |
| Chitarisiko | Upfu hweyero | Upfu hweyero | Upfu chena | Upfu hwemukaka | Upfu hwakachena hwemukaka |
| Zviri Mukati (%, Al2O3) | 29±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 |
| Huwandu (%) | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 |
| Zvinhu zvisinganyunguduki mumvura (%) | 1.0 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX |
| pH | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 |
PAC-D
PAC yero yakapfava, yemhando yemvura yekunwa ine simbi shoma, yakakodzera kurapwa nemvura inonwiwa. Inobatsira zvikuru pakurapa mvura inogwamba uye inogona kushandiswawo mukurapa mvura mumaindasitiri.
PAC-H
PAC yeupfu chena yakachena kwazvo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuchenesa mvura yekunwa, mvura yakasviba mumaindasitiri, kugadzira mapurasitiki nemagetsi, uye kugadzira mapepa. Inopa kujeka kwakanaka uye ine aruminiyamu shoma.
PAC-M
Imwe nzira yekubvisa mukaka muchena, isingadhuri zvikuru panzvimbo pePAC-H ine mashandiro akafanana mukuchenesa mvura yekunwa uye yemumaindasitiri.
PAC-G
Chigadzirwa chePAC chechizvarwa chinotevera chinopa kurapwa kwakanaka kupfuura PAC-H ukuwo chichidhura zvishoma pane zvese PAC-H nePAC-M.
PAC-I
PAC yero, yemhando yepamusoro yeindasitiri yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa pakurapa mvura yakasviba yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira machira, dehwe, kudhinda, kudhaya, uye kuchekerera murwizi. Nekushandisa zvinhu zviri nyore, PAC-I inoshanda zvakanaka pakurapa mvura ine madhaka akawanda uye inopa mutengo wakanaka.
Matambudziko Emhando Yemvura Yekunwa muLatin America
Mamiriro emvura muLatin America akasiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nenzvimbo, zvichikanganisa kusarudzwa kwePAC grade uye nzira yekuyera mvura.
Heano mimwe mienzaniso yematambudziko akajairika emvura uye matambudziko ekurapwa munyika dzakakosha:
| Nyika | Hunhu Hwakajairika hweMvura Mbichi | Dambudziko Guru |
| Bhuraziri | Mvura yakawanda, ruvara, uye zvinhu zvipenyu zvinobva munzizi dzinopisa | Kusiyana kwemwaka uye mutoro wezvisikwa |
| Ajendina | Dutu riri pakati nepakati uye ivhu recolloidal | kuchinja kwepH, kuchinja kwetembiricha |
| Chire | Mvura iri pamusoro pemakomo eAndes ine matope mashoma | Kupisa kunotonhora, kunoda kuomeswa zvakanaka |
| Peru | Mvura yemumakomo ine zvicherwa zvishoma | Kugadzirisa pH uye alkalinity |
| Korombiya | Nzizi dzemumaguta dzine tsvina yezvisikwa uye yemumaindasitiri | COD uye kubviswa kwemavara |
Heano mimwe mienzaniso yematambudziko akajairika emvura uye matambudziko ekurapwa munyika dzakakosha:
Kuchinjika kwePAC mumamiriro ekunze ekupisa uye pH kunoita kuti ive yakakodzera nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana idzi.
Semuyenzaniso:
MuBrazil, mvura inonzi PAC 10% inowanzo shandiswa kumasisitimu emakanzuru nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakagadzikana munguva dzemvura.
MuChile nePeru, PAC ine simba guru (85–90%) inoita kuti mvura yemumakomo iome nekukurumidza mumvura yemumakomo isingapisi zvakanyanya.
Polyaluminum Chloride: Mitemo uye Maitiro Emhando Yepamusoro muLatin America
Pakurapa mvura yekunwa muLatin America, PAC inofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika nepasi rose.
Zviratidzo zvepamutemo zvinowanzo zvinosanganisira:
Bhuraziri:ABNT NBR 15784 / ANVISA chiyero chemvura yekunwa
Argentina neChile:Bazi reHutano (Ministerio de Salud) Gwaro reMirairo yeAluminium Residue (<0.2 mg/L)
Mekisiko:NOM-127-SSA1-2021 (Kuwanda kwearuminiyamu kwakanyanya 0.2 mg/L)
WHO (World Health Organization): Zvisaririra zvearuminiyamu mumvura yakarapwa <0.2 mg/L
Zvigadzirwa zvePAC zvemhando yepamusoro zvinoshandiswa pakuchenesa mvura yekunwa zvinowanzova nehunhu hunotevera:
Zvinhu zvisinganyunguduke zvakanyanya (<0.1%)
Iron shoma (<0.005%)
Zviri mukati meAl₂O₃ zvakawanda (≥30%)
Vatengesi vanofanira kuona kuti vatengesi vavo vePAC vanopa zvitupa zveNSF/ANSI 60, REACH kana ISO 9001 kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chinoteverwa uye kuti chinotevedzera kuchengetedzeka.
Sarudza PAC Yakakodzera Zvichienderana Nemamiriro Emunharaunda
Pakusarudza PAC yekurapa mvura yekunwa, vagovanisi nemainjiniya vanofanira kufunga nezvezvinhu zvitatu zvikuru zvinotevera:
· Manyuko emvura uye hunhu hwayo
Mvura iri pamusoro (nzizi, matangi emvura): Shandisa PAC ine alkalinity iri pakati nepakati kusvika pakakwirira (70-85%) kurapa matope akawanda uye zvinhu zvipenyu.
Mvura yepasi pevhu kana mvura yechitubu: Kushandisa PAC ine alkalinity shoma (60-70%) kunogona kuita kuti pave nekuomarara kushoma uye kuderedza marara earuminiyamu.
· Dhizaini yefekitori uye sisitimu yekuyera huwandu hwemvura
Kune mafekitori makuru emakanzuru: Liquid PAC (10-18%) iri nyore kusanganisa otomatiki uye inoderedza guruva.
Kune nzvimbo dzekumaruwa kana masisitimu akaparadzaniswa: PAC ine hunhu hwekuchengetedza kwenguva yakareba uye kutakurwa kuri nyore.
· Kuchinja-chinja kwetembiricha nemwaka
Munzvimbo dzinopisa (Brazil, Colombia), PAC yakajairwa ine alkalinity iri pakati nepakati inoshandiswa.
Munzvimbo dzinotonhora (dzakadai seChile nekumaodzanyemba kweArgentina), PAC ine alkalinity yakawanda inogona kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kweflocs pakupisa kwakaderera.
Vagovanisi vePAC Vangaramba Sei Vachikwikwidzana?
Kuti varambe vachikwikwidzana mumusika wekurapa mvura muLatin America, vatengesi vanofanira:
Batira pamwe chete nevakavimbikaVagadziri vePACkupa rubatsiro rwakagadzikana uye rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi.
Ipa gwara remunharaunda pamusoro pemupimo uye kuyedza kugadzirisa magaba.
Ipai mapakeji asina kuzara uye mapakeji madiki kune vanogovera zvinhu munharaunda.
Simbisa chitupa (NSF, REACH, ISO) uye kudzorwa kwemhando yepamusoro pachikwangwani chechigadzirwa.
Nekuwedzera kweruzivo rwevanhu nezvekuchengetedzwa kwemvura uye mari inoshandiswa nehurumende muzvivakwa, kudiwa kwemvura yekunwa PAC muLatin America kunotarisirwa kuramba kuchikwira. Nekusarudza zvigadzirwa zvePAC zvemhando yepamusoro uye zvine certification uye kuzvichengeta muchimiro chakakodzera uye mumapakeji, vagovanisi vanogona kuita basa rakakosha mukutsigira hutano hweveruzhinji nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza munharaunda yese.
Yuncang inogona kupa mhando dzakasiyana dzePAC. Kana zvichidikanwa, ndapota shanyirai:Magadzirirwo ePolyaluminum Chloride
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-05-2025