Industrial Water Treatment process uye Chemical Applications
Background
Nekukurumidza kukura kwemaindasitiri, kukosha kwekugadziriswa kwemvura mukugadzirwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemaindasitiri kuri kuwedzera kuoneka. Kugadziriswa kwemvura yeindasitiri hakusi kungobatanidza kwakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekufambira mberi kwemaitiro, asiwo chiyero chakakosha chekusangana nemirau yezvakatipoteredza uye inoenderera mberi zvinodiwa.
Mvura Yekurapa Type
| Mvura yekurapa mhando | Chinangwa chikuru | Main kurapwa zvinhu | Main maitiro. |
| Kugadziriswa kwemvura yakasvibirira | Sangana nezvinodiwa zvemvura yemumba kana yeindasitiri | Natural water source mvura | Filtration, sedimentation, coagulation. |
| Gadzirisa kurapwa kwemvura | Sangana nemaitiro chaiwo anodiwa | Industrial process mvura | Kupfava, desalination, deoxygenation. |
| Kutenderera kurapwa kwemvura inotonhorera | Ita shuwa kushanda kwakajairika kwemidziyo | Kutenderera mvura inotonhorera | Dosing kurapwa. |
| Kugadziriswa kwemvura yakasviba | Chengetedza zvakatipoteredza | Industrial wastewater | Physical, makemikari, biological kurapwa. |
| Recycled water treatment | Deredza kushandiswa kwemvura yakachena | Mvura yakashandiswa | Zvakafanana nekuchenesa mvura. |
Inowanzo shandiswa Mvura Kurapa Makemikari
| Category | Zvinowanzoshandiswa makemikari | Function |
| Flocculating agent | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aruminiyamu sulfate, nezvimwe. | Bvisa zvakamiswa zvakasimba uye organic matter |
| Madisinfectants | zvakadai seTCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, nezvimwewo | Inouraya tupukanana mumvura (senge mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, fungi uye protozoa) |
| pH inogadzirisa | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwe. | Rongedza mvura pH |
| Metal ion removers | EDTA,Ion kuchinjanisa resin | Bvisa heavy metal ions (senge iron, copper, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, etc.) nemamwe ayoni esimbi anokuvadza ari mumvura. |
| Scale inhibitor | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Dzivirira kuumbwa kwechiyero ne calcium uye magnesium ions. Uyewo ine imwe mhedzisiro yekubvisa simbi ions |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, nezvimwewo. | Bvisa okisijeni yakanyungudika kudzivirira kuora kweokisijeni |
| Cleaning agent | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Bvisa chiyero uye tsvina |
| Oxidants | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, nezvimwe. | Disinfection, kubviswa kwezvinosvibisa uye kuvandudzwa kwemhando yemvura, nezvimwe. |
| Manyoro | zvakadai se lime uye sodium carbonate. | Inobvisa kuoma ions (calcium, magnesium ions) uye inoderedza njodzi yekuumbwa kwechiyero |
| Defoamers/Antifoam | Dzvinyirira kana kubvisa furo | |
| Kubviswa | Calcium Hypochlorite | bvisa NH₃-N kubva mumvura yakaraswa kuti iite kuti ikwane yekuburitsa |
Tinogona kupa:
Kugadziriswa kwemvura yeindasitiri kunoreva maitiro ekurapa mvura yemaindasitiri uye nekuburitsa kwayo mvura kuburikidza nemuviri, makemikari, zvipenyu uye dzimwe nzira. Kugadziriswa kwemvura yeindasitiri chikamu chakakosha chekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, uye kukosha kwayo kunoratidzwa mune zvinotevera zvinhu:
1.1 Ita shuwa chigadzirwa chemhando
Bvisa tsvina mumvura yakaita sesimbi ions, suspended solids, nezvimwewo kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekugadzira uye kuve nechokwadi chemhando yechigadzirwa.
Inhibit corrosion: Yakanyungudutswa okisijeni, kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, nezvimwewo mumvura zvinogona kukonzera kuora kwemidziyo yesimbi uye kupfupisa hupenyu hwemidziyo.
Kudzora ma microorganisms: Utachiona, algae uye humwe hutachiona mumvura hunogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwechigadzirwa, zvichikanganisa kunaka kwechigadzirwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwehutano.
1.2 Kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi
Deredza nguva yekudzikira: Kugara uchigadziriswa mvura kunogona kudzivirira zvinobudirira kuyera uye ngura, kuderedza kuwanda kwekugadziriswa kwemidziyo uye kutsiva, uye nekudaro kunatsiridza kugadzirwa kwakanaka.
Gadzirisa maitiro ekugadzirisa: Kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwemvura, mhando yemvura inosangana nezvinodiwa zvemaitiro inogona kuwanikwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekugadzikana kwemaitiro ekugadzira.
1.3 Deredza mari yekugadzira
Sevha simba: Kuburikidza nekurapwa kwemvura, mashandisirwo emagetsi emidziyo anogona kudzikiswa uye mutengo wekugadzira unogona kuchengetwa.
Dzivirira kuyera: Kuomarara maion senge calcium uye magnesium ion mumvura inoumba chikero, inonamira pamusoro pemidziyo, kuderedza kupisa kwekuita.
Wedzera hupenyu hwemidziyo: Deredza kukora kwemidziyo uye kuyera, wedzera hupenyu hwesevhisi yemidziyo, uye kuderedza mitengo yekuderera kwemidziyo.
Deredza kushandiswa kwezvinhu: Kuburikidza nekurapa kwemvura, kutambisa kwebiocides kunogona kudzikiswa uye mutengo wekugadzira unogona kudzikiswa.
Deredza mashandisirwo ezvigadzirwa: Kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwemvura, izvo zvakasara zvemvura mumarara zvinogona kudzoserwa uye kudzoserwa mukugadzirwa, nekudaro kuderedza kutambisa kwezvinhu uye kudzikisa mutengo wekugadzira.
1.4 Chengetedza nharaunda
Deredza kusvibiswa kwemhepo: Mushure mekunge mvura yetsvina yemumaindasitiri yagadziriswa, kuwanda kwehutsi hunosvibisa hunogona kudzikiswa uye nharaunda yemvura inogona kuchengetedzwa.
Ziva kudzokororwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura: Kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwemvura, mvura yemumaindasitiri inogona kudzokororwa uye kutsamira pazviwanikwa zvemvura yakachena kunogona kudzikiswa.
1.5 Kutevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza
Sangana nemiyero yekuburitsa: Mvura yetsvina yemaindasitiri inofanirwa kusangana nenyika nedzenzvimbo dzekuburitsa, uye kurapwa kwemvura inzira yakakosha yekuzadzisa chinangwa ichi.
Muchidimbu, kurapwa kwemvura mumaindasitiri hakunei chete nemhando yechigadzirwa uye kugona kwekugadzira, asiwo kune mabhenefiti ehupfumi uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza kwemabhizinesi. Kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kwemvura kwesainzi uye zvine musoro, kushandiswa kwakakwana kwezviwanikwa zvemvura kunogona kuwanikwa uye kusimukira kwakasimba kweindasitiri kunogona kusimudzirwa.
Indasitiri yemvura yekurapa inovhara nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira simba, makemikari, mishonga, metallurgy, zvokudya uye zvinwiwa maindasitiri, etc. Kurapa kwayo kunowanzoitwa maererano nezvinodiwa zvehutano hwemvura uye kubudisa mitemo.
2.1 Kufurira Kurapa (Mvura Yakasvibira Pretreatment)
Mvura yakasvibira yekugadzirira mukurapwa kwemvura mumaindasitiri inonyanya kusanganisira kusefa kwekutanga, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, disinfection, pH kugadzirisa, kubviswa kwesimbi ion uye kusefa kwekupedzisira. Makemikari anonyanya kushandiswa anosanganisira:
Coagulants uye flocculants: sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, nezvimwe.
Vanyoro: senge lime uye sodium carbonate.
Madisinfectants: akadai seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwe.
pH zvinogadzirisa: zvakadai seaminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo.
Simbi ion inobvisaEDTA, Ion kuchinjanisa resin nezvimwewo,
scale inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo.
Adsorbents: senge activated kabhoni, activated alumina, nezvimwe.
Iko kusanganiswa uye kushandiswa kwemakemikari aya kunogona kubatsira kurapwa kwemvura mumaindasitiri zvinobudirira kubvisa zvakamiswa zvinhu, organic pollutants, simbi ions uye ma microorganisms ari mumvura, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhando yemvura inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira, uye kuderedza mutoro wekutevera kurapwa.
2.2 Gadzirisa Kurapa Kwemvura
Maitiro ekugadziriswa kwemvura mukurapwa kwemvura mumaindasitiri anonyanya kusanganisira pretreatment, kupfava, deoxidation, iron uye manganese kubviswa, desalination, sterilization uye disinfection. Nhanho imwe neimwe inoda makemikari akasiyana kuti agadzirise kunaka kwemvura uye kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakajairwa kweakasiyana maindasitiri emidziyo. Makemikari akajairika anosanganisira:
| Coagulants uye flocculants: | sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, nezvimwe. |
| Manyoro: | zvakadai se lime uye sodium carbonate. |
| Madisinfectants: | zvakadai seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwewo. |
| pH vagadziri: | zvakadai seaminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. |
| Metal ion removers: | EDTA, Ion kuchinjanisa resin |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo. |
| Adsorbents: | senge activated carbon, activated alumina, nezvimwe. |
Aya makemikari anogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekugadzirisa mvura kuburikidza neakasiyana nzira yekuchenesa mvura, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhando yemvura inosangana nezviyero zvekugadzira, kuderedza njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwemidziyo, uye kugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi.
2.3 Kutenderera Mvura Inotonhorera Kurapa
Kutenderera kutonhora kwemvura kurapwa chikamu chakakosha chekuchenesa mvura yeindasitiri, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeindasitiri (senge makemikari emiti, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi, zvidyarwa zvesimbi, nezvimwewo), uko masisitimu emvura inotonhorera anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kutonhora michina uye maitiro. Kutenderera kwemvura inotonhorera masisitimu anotapukirwa nekukura, ngura, kukura kwehutachiona uye mamwe matambudziko nekuda kwehuwandu hwemvura yavo uye kutenderera kwakawanda. Naizvozvo, nzira dzinoshanda dzekurapa mvura dzinofanirwa kushandiswa kudzora matambudziko aya uye kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakagadzikana kwehurongwa.
Kutenderedza kutonhora kwemvura kurapwa kune chinangwa chekudzivirira kuyera, ngura uye kusvibiswa kwebiological muhurongwa uye kuve nechokwadi chekutonhodza. Tarisa maparamendi makuru mumvura inotonhorera (senge pH, kuoma, turbidity, okisijeni yakanyungudika, tupukanana, nezvimwewo) uye ongorora matambudziko emhando yemvura yekurapa kwakanangwa.
| Coagulants uye flocculants: | sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, nezvimwe. |
| Manyoro: | zvakadai se lime uye sodium carbonate. |
| Madisinfectants: | zvakadai seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwewo. |
| pH vagadziri: | zvakadai seaminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. |
| Metal ion removers: | EDTA, Ion kuchinjanisa resin |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo. |
| Adsorbents: | senge activated carbon, activated alumina, nezvimwe. |
Aya makemikari uye nzira dzekurapa dzinobatsira kudzivirira kuyera, ngura, uye kusvibiswa kwehutachiona, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakagadzikana kwenguva refu kweiyo inotonhorera yemvura system, kuderedza kukuvadzwa kwemidziyo uye kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kugadzirisa mashandiro ehurongwa.
2.4 Kugadziriswa kwemvura yakasviba
Maitiro ekugadziriswa kwemvura yetsvina mumaindasitiri anogona kupatsanurwa kuita nhanho dzakawanda zvichienderana nehunhu hwemvura yetsvina uye zvinangwa zvekurapa, kunyanya zvinosanganisira pretreatment, acid-base neutralization, kubviswa kwe organic matter uye yakamiswa yakasimba, yepakati uye yepamusoro kurapwa, disinfection uye sterilization, sludge kurapwa. uye kushandiswazve kugadzirisa mvura. Chimwe nechimwe chinongedzo chinoda makemikari akasiyana kuti ashande pamwe chete kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda uye kunyatsoita kwemaitiro ekuchenesa mvura.
Kugadziriswa kwemvura yetsvina yemaindasitiri kwakakamurwa kuita nzira nhatu huru: yemuviri, makemikari uye zvipenyu, kuitira kuti isangane nemiyero yekuburitsa uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Maitiro enyama:sedimentation, filtration, flotation, nezvimwewo.
Chemical nzira:neutralization, redox, kunaya kwemakemikari.
Biological method:yakagadziriswa sludge nzira, membrane bioreactor (MBR), nezvimwe.
Makemikari akajairika anosanganisira:
| Coagulants uye flocculants: | sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, nezvimwe. |
| Manyoro: | zvakadai se lime uye sodium carbonate. |
| Madisinfectants: | zvakadai seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwewo. |
| pH vagadziri: | zvakadai seaminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. |
| Metal ion removers: | EDTA, Ion kuchinjanisa resin |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo. |
| Adsorbents: | senge activated carbon, activated alumina, nezvimwe. |
Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kunoshanda kwemakemikari aya, mvura yetsvina yemumaindasitiri inogona kurapwa uye kuburitswa mukutevedzera zviyero, uye kunyange kushandiswa zvakare, zvichibatsira kudzikisa kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushandiswa kwemvura.
2.5 Kugadziriswa Kwemvura Yakadzokororwa
Kugadziriswa kwemvura kunoreva nzira yekugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvemvura inoshandisazve tsvina yemumaindasitiri mushure mekugadziriswa. Nekushaikwa kuri kuwedzera kwezviwanikwa zvemvura, minda yakawanda yeindasitiri yakagamuchira matanho ekurapa emvura akadzokororwa, ayo asingangochengetedze zviwanikwa zvemvura, asi zvakare anoderedza mutengo wekurapa uye kuburitswa. Chinokosha chekugadzirisa mvura yakagadziriswa kubvisa tsvina mumvura yakasvibiswa kuitira kuti mvura yemvura ienderane nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa zvakare, izvo zvinoda kushandiswa kwepamusoro uye teknolojia.
Nzira yekuchenesa mvura yakashandiswa patsva inonyanya kusanganisira matanho anokosha anotevera:
Pretreatment:bvisa zvimedu zvakakura zvetsvina uye girisi, uchishandisa PAC, PAM, nezvimwe.
pH kugadzirisa:gadzirisa pH, makemikari anowanzo shandiswa anosanganisira sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, nezvimwe.
Biological treatment:bvisa organic matter, tsigira microbial degradation, shandisa ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, nezvimwe.
Kemikari kurapwa:oxidative kubviswa kwe organic matter uye heavy metals, inowanzoshandiswa ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, nezvimwe.
Membrane kupatsanurwa:shandisa reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, uye ultrafiltration tekinoroji kubvisa zvinhu zvakanyungudika uye kuve nechokwadi chemhando yemvura.
Disinfection:bvisa microorganisms, shandisa chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, nezvimwewo.
Kuongorora uye kugadzirisa:Ita shuwa kuti mvura yakashandiswa zvakare inosangana nezviyero uye inoshandisa maregulator uye yekutarisa michina yekugadzirisa.
Defoamers:Vanodzvanyirira kana kubvisa furo nekudzikisa kusimba kwemvura uye nekuparadza kugadzikana kwefuro. (Mashandisirwo emamiriro ezvinhu e defoamers: biological kurapwa masisitimu, makemikari etsvina kurapwa, mishonga yetsvina yemishonga, kurapwa kwemvura yetsvina yechikafu, kugadzira mapepa marara emvura, nezvimwewo)
Calcium hypochlorite:Vanobvisa zvinosvibisa zvakaita seammonia nitrogen
Kushandiswa kwemaitiro aya uye makemikari kunovimbisa kuti mhando yemvura yakasviba yakacheneswa inosangana nemiyero yekushandisa zvakare, ichibvumira kuti ishandiswe zvinobudirira mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri.
Kugadziriswa kwemvura yeindasitiri chikamu chakakosha chekugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwemaindasitiri. Maitiro ayo uye kusarudzwa kwemakemikari kunoda kugadziridzwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa maitiro. Iko kunzwisisika kushandiswa kwemakemikari hakugone kungovandudza maitiro ekurapa, asiwo kuderedza mari uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Mune ramangwana, nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye nekuvandudzwa kwezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, kurapwa kwemvura mumaindasitiri kuchakura mune imwe nzira yakangwara uye yakasvibira.