Maitiro Ekurapa Mvura Mumaindasitiri uye Mashandisirwo Emakemikari
Kumashure
Nekukura kuri kuita maindasitiri nekukurumidza, kukosha kwekuchenesa mvura mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana kuri kuramba kuchionekwa. Kuchenesa mvura mumaindasitiri hakusi chinhu chakakosha chete kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti maitiro acho afambira mberi zvakanaka, asiwo inzira huru yekuzadzisa mitemo yezvakatipoteredza uye zvinodiwa pakuvandudza nharaunda.
Rudzi rweKurapa Mvura
| Rudzi rwekurapa mvura | Chinangwa chikuru | Zvinhu zvikuru zvekurapa | Maitiro makuru. |
| Kugadzirira mvura isina kubikwa | Sanganai nezvinodiwa nemvura yemumba kana yemumaindasitiri | Mvura yechisikigo inotangira mvura | Kusefa, kupwanyika kwemvura, kuonda kwemvura. |
| Kurapa kwemvura | Sangana nezvinodiwa zvemaitiro chaiwo | Mvura yekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri | Kupfavisa, kubvisa munyu mumuviri, kubvisa okisijeni mumuviri. |
| Kurapa kwemvura inotonhorera inotenderera | Iva nechokwadi chekuti michina inoshanda zvakanaka | Mvura inotonhorera inotenderera | Kurapa kwemushonga. |
| Kurapa kwemvura yakasviba | Chengetedza nharaunda | Mvura yakasviba yemumaindasitiri | Kurapwa kwemuviri, kemikari, uye kwebhayoloji. |
| Kurapa nemvura yakadzokororwa | Deredza kushandiswa kwemvura yakachena | Mvura yakashandiswa | Zvakafanana nekurapa mvura yakasviba. |
Makemikari Anoshandiswa Kazhinji Pakurapa Mvura
| Chikamu | Makemikari anoshandiswa zvakanyanya | Basa |
| Mushonga wekuchenesa | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aruminiyamu sulfate, nezvimwewo. | Bvisa zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa uye zvinhu zvakasikwa |
| Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona | zvakaita seTCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, nezvimwewo | Inouraya tupukanana turi mumvura (senge mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, fungi uye protozoa) |
| chinogadzirisa pH | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. | Gadzirisa pH yemvura |
| Zvinobvisa ma ion esimbi | EDTA, Ion exchange resin | Bvisa maion esimbi anorema (akadai sesimbi, mhangura, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, nezvimwewo) uye mamwe maion esimbi anokuvadza mumvura. |
| Inhibitor yechikero | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Dzivirira kuumbwa kwemakomba nemaion ecalcium nemagnesium. Inewo simba rekubvisa maion esimbi. |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, nezvimwewo. | Bvisa okisijeni yakanyungudutswa kudzivirira ngura yeokisijeni |
| Mushonga wekuchenesa | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Bvisa chikero netsvina |
| MaOxidants | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, nezvimwewo. | Kuuraya utachiona, kubvisa tsvina uye kunatsiridza kunaka kwemvura, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinonyorovesa | zvakaita se lime ne sodium carbonate. | Inobvisa maion ekuomarara (calcium, magnesium ions) uye inoderedza njodzi yekuumbwa kwemakero |
| Zvinosvibisa zita remunhu/Antifuro | Dzvinyirira kana kubvisa furo | |
| Kubviswa | Karusiyamu Hypochlorite | bvisa NH₃-N mumvura yakasviba kuti isvike padanho rekudzikisa mvura |
Makemikoro Ekurapa Mvura Atinogona Kupa:
Kurapa mvura mumaindasitiri zvinoreva maitiro ekurapa mvura yemaindasitiri nemvura inoburitswa kuburikidza nenzira dzemuviri, makemikari, zvebhayoloji nedzimwe nzira. Kurapa mvura mumaindasitiri chikamu chakakosha chekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, uye kukosha kwayo kunoratidzwa muzvinhu zvinotevera:
1.1 Iva nechokwadi chemhando yechigadzirwa
Bvisa tsvina mumvura yakaita semaayoni esimbi, zvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa, nezvimwewo kuti zvigutse zvinodiwa pakugadzira uye uve nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chacho chakanaka.
Dzivisa ngura: Okisijeni yakanyungudutswa, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, nezvimwewo mumvura zvinogona kukonzera ngura yemidziyo yesimbi uye kupfupisa hupenyu hwemidziyo.
Dzora tupukanana: Mabhakitiriya, algae nezvimwe tupukanana mumvura zvinogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwechigadzirwa, zvichikanganisa kunaka kwechigadzirwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwehutano.
1.2 Kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira
Kuderedza nguva yekushanda: Kugadzirisa mvura nguva dzose kunogona kudzivirira kukura kwemidziyo uye ngura, kuderedza nguva yekugadzirisa nekutsiva michina, uye nokudaro kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwemidziyo.
Gadzirisa mamiriro ekushanda: Kuburikidza nekuchenesa mvura, hunhu hwemvura hunoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushanda hunogona kuwanikwa kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuti maitiro ekugadzira agadzikana.
1.3 Deredza mari yekugadzira
Chengetedza simba: Kuburikidza nekuchenesa mvura, kushandiswa kwesimba remuchina kunogona kuderedzwa uye mari yekugadzira inogona kuchengetedzwa.
Dzivisa kukura: Maion ekuomarara akadai se calcium ne magnesium ayoni mumvura achaumba kukura, anonamatira pamusoro pemuchina, zvichideredza kushanda zvakanaka kwekupisa.
Wedzera nguva yekushanda kwemidziyo: Deredza ngura nekukura kwemidziyo, wedzera nguva yekushanda kwemidziyo, uye deredza mitengo yekudzikira kwemitengo yemidziyo.
Deredza kushandiswa kwezvinhu: Kuburikidza nekurapa mvura, marara emishonga inouraya utachiona anogona kuderedzwa uye mari yekugadzira inogona kuderedzwa.
Deredza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa: Kuburikidza nekuchenesa mvura, zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa zvasara mumvura zvinogona kudzoserwa mukugadzirwa, nokudaro zvichideredza kurasirwa kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa uye kuderedza mari yekugadzira.
1.4 Kuchengetedza nharaunda
Deredza kusvibiswa kwemhepo: Mushure mekunge mvura yakasviba yemumaindasitiri yacheneswa, huwandu hwemhepo inosvibisa hunogona kuderedzwa uye nharaunda yemvura inogona kuchengetedzwa.
Ziva kudzokororwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura: Kuburikidza nekuchenesa mvura, mvura yemumaindasitiri inogona kudzokororwa uye kuvimba nezviwanikwa zvemvura yakachena kunogona kuderedzwa.
1.5 Tevedzera mitemo yezvakatipoteredza
Sangana nezvinodiwa zvekubvisa tsvina: Mvura yakasviba yemumaindasitiri inofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvenyika nedzemunharaunda, uye kurapwa kwemvura inzira inokosha yekuzadzisa chinangwa ichi.
Muchidimbu, kugadziriswa kwemvura mumaindasitiri hakuna kungova nehukama hwemhando yezvigadzirwa uye kugona kugadzira, asiwo nekubatsira kwehupfumi nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemabhizinesi. Kuburikidza nesainzi uye kurapwa kwemvura kwakanaka, kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwezviwanikwa zvemvura kunogona kuwanikwa uye budiriro inoenderera mberi yemaindasitiri inogona kukurudzirwa.
Kurapa mvura mumaindasitiri kunosanganisira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinosanganisira magetsi, makemikari, mishonga, simbi, maindasitiri ezvekudya nezvinwiwa, nezvimwewo. Maitiro ekurapa mvura anowanzo gadziriswa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemhando yemvura uye mwero wekuburitsa mvura.
2.1 Makemikoro uye Nheyo dzeKurapa Nesimba (Kurapa Nemvura Isina Kubikwa)
Kugadzirisa mvura isina kubikwa mukuchenesa mvura mumaindasitiri kunosanganisira kupfapfaidza mvura, kuonda, kupwanyika, kupwanyika, kupwanyika, kucheneswa kwemvura, pH kugadziriswa, kubviswa kwesimbi uye kupfapfaidza kwekupedzisira. Makemikari anoshandiswa kazhinji anosanganisira:
MaCoagulants nemaFlocculants: akadai sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, nezvimwewo.
Zvinonyorovesa: zvakaita se lime ne sodium carbonate.
Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona: yakaita seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwewo.
zvigadziriso zvepH: zvakaita seaminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo.
Zvinhu zvinobvisa maion esimbiEDTA, Ion exchange resin nezvimwewo,
inhibitor yechiyero: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo.
Zvinhu zvinosimudzira: zvakaita se activated carbon, activated alumina, nezvimwewo.
Kusanganiswa nekushandiswa kwemakemikari aya kunogona kubatsira kuchenesa mvura mumaindasitiri kubvisa zvinobudirira zvinhu zvakasungirirwa, tsvina yeorganic, maion esimbi uye tupukanana turi mumvura, kuona kuti mvura yakaenzana nezvinodiwa pakugadzirwa, uye kuderedza mutoro wekurapa kunotevera.
2.2 Makemikoro uye Nheyo dzeKurapa Mvura
Kurapa mvura mumaindasitiri kunosanganisira kurapa mvura isati yatanga, kunyorovesa, kubvisa oxidation, kubvisa iron nemanganese, kubvisa munyu, kubvisa tsvina uye kuuraya utachiona. Danho rega rega rinoda makemikari akasiyana kuti mvura ive nani uye ive nechokwadi chekuti michina yakasiyana-siyana yeindasitiri inoshanda zvakanaka. Makemikari akajairika anosanganisira:
| Zvinobatanidza macoagulants nemaflocculants: | zvakaita sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aruminiyamu sulfate, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinonyorovesa: | zvakaita se lime ne sodium carbonate. |
| Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona: | zvakaita seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwewo. |
| zvinogadzirisa pH: | zvinhu zvakaita se aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinobvisa ma ion esimbi: | EDTA, Ion exchange resin |
| Inhibitor yechikero: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinosanganisa: | zvakaita se activated carbon, activated alumina, nezvimwewo. |
Makemikari aya anogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvemvura inogadzirwa kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kwakasiyana kwemaitiro ekurapa mvura, kuve nechokwadi chekuti hunhu hwemvura hunosangana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira, kuderedza njodzi yekukuvara kwemidziyo, uye kuvandudza mashandiro ekugadzira.
2.3 Makemikoro uye Nheyo dzeKufambisa Mvura Inotonhodza
Kurapa mvura inotonhodza inotenderera chikamu chakakosha chekurapa mvura mumaindasitiri, kunyanya munzvimbo zhinji dzemaindasitiri (dzakadai semafekitori emakemikari, mafekitori emagetsi, mafekitori esimbi, nezvimwewo), uko masisitimu emvura inotonhodza anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakushandisa michina inotonhodza. Masisitimu emvura inotonhodza anotenderera anogona kukanganiswa nekukweva, ngura, kukura kwehutachiona nezvimwe zvinetso nekuda kwehuwandu hwemvura hwayo uye kutenderera kwayo kakawanda. Nokudaro, nzira dzinoshanda dzekurapa mvura dzinofanira kushandiswa kudzora matambudziko aya uye kuona kuti sisitimu yacho inoshanda zvakanaka.
Kurapa mvura inotonhodza kutenderera kunovavarira kudzivirira kukura, ngura uye kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu muhurongwa uye kuona kuti kutonhora kunoshanda zvakanaka. Tarisa zvinhu zvikuru mumvura inotonhodza (senge pH, kuomarara, kutonhora, oxygen yakanyungudutswa, tupukanana, nezvimwewo) uye ongorora matambudziko emhando yemvura kuti uwane kurapwa kwakanangana nayo.
| Zvinobatanidza macoagulants nemaflocculants: | zvakaita sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aruminiyamu sulfate, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinonyorovesa: | zvakaita se lime ne sodium carbonate. |
| Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona: | zvakaita seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwewo. |
| zvinogadzirisa pH: | zvinhu zvakaita se aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinobvisa ma ion esimbi: | EDTA, Ion exchange resin |
| Inhibitor yechikero: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinosanganisa: | zvakaita se activated carbon, activated alumina, nezvimwewo. |
Makemikoro aya nenzira dzekurapa dzinobatsira kudzivirira kukura, ngura, uye kusvibiswa kwehutachiona, kuona kuti sisitimu yemvura inotonhorera inoshanda kwenguva refu, kuderedza kukuvara kwemidziyo nekushandiswa kwesimba, uye kuvandudza mashandiro esisitimu.
2.4 Makemikoro Nenhungamiro dzeKurapa Mvura Yakasviba
Maitiro ekuchenesa mvura yakasviba mumaindasitiri anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nehunhu hwemvura yakasviba uye zvinangwa zvekuchenesa, kunyanya zvinosanganisira kuchenesa mvura isati yatanga, kubvisa acid-base, kubvisa zvinhu zvakasikwa nezvinhu zvakasungirirwa, kurapwa kwepakati nekwepamusoro, kuuraya utachiona nekuuraya utachiona, kuchenesa tsvina uye kurapa mvura yakadzokororwa. Chinongedzo chimwe nechimwe chinoda makemikari akasiyana kuti ashande pamwe chete kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti nzira yekuchenesa mvura yakasviba inoshanda uye yakakwana.
Kurapa mvura yakasviba mumaindasitiri kwakakamurwa kuita nzira nhatu huru: dzemuviri, dzemakemikari nedzebhayoloji, kuitira kusangana nezvinodiwa zveutsi uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Nzira yemuviri:kusvibiswa, kusefa, kutenderera, nezvimwewo.
Maitiro emakemikari:kusaita makemikari, redox, kunaya kwemvura.
Nzira yezvebhayoloji:nzira yekubvisa tsvina yakakamurwa, membrane bioreactor (MBR), nezvimwewo.
Makemikari akajairika anosanganisira:
| Zvinobatanidza macoagulants nemaflocculants: | zvakaita sePAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aruminiyamu sulfate, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinonyorovesa: | zvakaita se lime ne sodium carbonate. |
| Mishonga yekuuraya utachiona: | zvakaita seTCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, nezvimwewo. |
| zvinogadzirisa pH: | zvinhu zvakaita se aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinobvisa ma ion esimbi: | EDTA, Ion exchange resin |
| Inhibitor yechikero: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, nezvimwewo. |
| Zvinosanganisa: | zvakaita se activated carbon, activated alumina, nezvimwewo. |
Kuburikidza nekushandisa mishonga iyi zvinobudirira, mvura yakasviba yemumaindasitiri inogona kugadziriswa nekuburitswa kunze kwemvura zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, uye kutoshandiswazve, zvichibatsira kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura.
2.5 Makemikoro Nenhungamiro dzeKurapa Mvura Yakadzokororwa
Kurapa mvura yakadzokororwa zvinoreva nzira yekutarisira mvura inoshandisazve mvura yakasviba mumaindasitiri mushure mekuchenesa. Nekuwedzera kwekushomeka kwemvura, maindasitiri mazhinji akatora matanho ekurapa mvura yakadzokororwa, izvo zvisingangochengetedze mvura chete, asiwo zvinoderedza mari yekuchenesa nekuburitsa mvura. Chinhu chikuru chekurapa mvura yakadzokororwa kubvisa tsvina mumvura yakasviba kuitira kuti mvura ikwane zvinodiwa kuti ishandiswezve, izvo zvinoda kunyatsogadzirwa uye tekinoroji.
Maitiro ekugadzirisa mvura yakadzokororwa anosanganisira matanho anotevera akakosha:
Kurapa Pamberi:bvisa zvidimbu zvakakura zvetsvina nemafuta, uchishandisa PAC, PAM, nezvimwewo.
kugadzirisa pH:gadzirisa pH, makemikari anoshandiswa kazhinji anosanganisira sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, nezvimwewo.
Kurapa kwemuviri:bvisa zvinhu zvipenyu, tsigira kuora kwehutachiona, shandisa ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, nezvimwewo.
Kurapa nemakemikari:kubviswa kwe oxidative kwezvinhu zvipenyu nesimbi dzinorema, ozone inowanzoshandiswa, persulfate, sodium sulfide, nezvimwewo.
Kuparadzaniswa kwemembrane:shandisa reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, uye ultrafiltration tekinoroji kubvisa zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa uye kuona kuti mvura yakanaka.
Kuuraya utachiona:bvisa tupukanana, shandisa chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, nezvimwewo.
Kuongorora nekugadzirisa:Iva nechokwadi chekuti mvura inoshandiswazve inosangana nezvinodiwa uye shandisa varairidzi nemidziyo yekutarisa kuti igadziriswe.
Zvinosvibisa mavara:Zvinodzvinyirira kana kubvisa furo nekuderedza kushushikana kwepamusoro pemvura uye kuparadza kugadzikana kwefuro. (Maitiro ekushandisa ma defoamers: masisitimu ekurapa ebhayoloji, kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba nemakemikari, kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba nemishonga, kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba nechikafu, kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba nekugadzira mapepa, nezvimwewo)
Karusiyamu hypochlorite:Zvinobvisa zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvakaita seammonia nitrogen
Kushandiswa kwemaitiro aya nemakemikari kunoita kuti hunhu hwemvura yakasviba yakanatswa huenderane nezvinodiwa kuti ishandiswezve, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe zvinobudirira mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri.
Kurapa mvura mumaindasitiri chikamu chakakosha chekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri emazuva ano. Maitiro ayo uye kusarudzwa kwemakemikari zvinoda kugadziriswa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemaitiro chaiwo. Kushandisa zvine musoro kwemakemikari hakungogone kuvandudza mhedzisiro yekurapa chete, asiwo kuderedza mitengo uye kuderedza kukanganisa nharaunda. Mune ramangwana, nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kuvandudzwa kwezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza nharaunda, kurapwa kwemvura mumaindasitiri kuchakura nenzira yakangwara uye yakasvibira.