Shuga ndeimwe yezvekudya zvinonyanya kudyiwa pasi rose, zvinonyanya kubva munzimbe neshuga beet. Kugadzira shuga yepamusoro inzira yakaoma inosanganisira matanho akawanda: kubvisa, kujekesa, kupwanya, kuumba kristalo uye kunatswa. Padanho rega rega rekugadzirisa shuga, kunaka nekuchena kwemuto weshuga kunofanirwa kudzorwa nemazvo. Kusachena kwechisikigo, senge colloidal particles, mapuroteni, pigments netupukanana, zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kushanda kwekujekesa, kusefa uye kuumba kristalo.
Makemikoro anoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kweshuga kwemazuva ano. Pasina kudzora makemikari zvakanaka, tsvina iyi inogona kukonzera kukura kweganda, matambudziko eruvara uye kurasikirwa nezvinobuda. Makemikoro anogadzira shuga haangobatsiri chete pakushanda zvakanaka uye kubuda, asiwo anovandudza kunaka kwechigadzirwa, anoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, uye anobatsira mafekitori kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza nharaunda. Makemikoro aya anogona:
- Kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekujekesa uye kupatsanurana kwemvura yakasimba.
- Dzivirira kukura kwetupukanana mumuchero nemusipure.
- Wedzera simba rekubvisa ruvara rweshuga chena yakacheneswa.
- Dzora kuumbwa kwefuro nekukwesha mu evaporator ne vacuum evaporator.
Chinyorwa chino chinotora nzimbe semuenzaniso wekuti ipfupise zvizere maitiro ekugadzira shuga. Chakatsanangurawo kuti makemikari akasiyana-siyana - maflocculants, mishonga inouraya utachiona, mishonga inobvisa ruvara uye mishonga inobvisa mavanga - akaiswa sei padanho rega rega kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti shuga ishande zvakanaka uye kuti shuga ibude zvakanaka.
Maitiro Ekugadzira Shuga uye Kushandiswa Kwemakemikari
Kugadzirira Zvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa
Kugadzirwa kweshuga kunotanga nekukohwa nekugadzira zvinhu zvakabikwa. Nzimbe inogezwa yochekwa kuti ibvise ivhu, matombo nemashizha. Padanho iri, kana muto wacho ukasara kwenguva yakareba, unotanga kubereka tupukanana. Kuti uderedze mutoro wetupukanana pamusoro pezvinhu zvakabikwa, kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemuto weshuga kana kuora panguva yekusaccharification, dzimwe nguva mishonga inouraya utachiona inoiswa pamusoro penzimbe, mvura yekuchengetera kana michina yekuchenesa.
| Rudzi rweMushonga wekuuraya utachiona | Kunyatsoteerera Zvinokurudzirwa | Nzira Yekushandisa | Mabasa Makuru | Zvekungwaririra | Zvakanakira |
| Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) | 50–200 ppm isina chlorine | Kupfapfaidza kana kunyikisa pamusoro penzimbe kwemaminitsi mashanu kusvika gumi | Kuchenesa masero emasero akawanda, kunoderedza mutoro wehutachiona | Dzora huwandu hwemvura (kazhinji 50–200 ppm isina chlorine). Dzivisa chlorine yakawandisa mumuto kudzivirira matambudziko eruvara kana crystallization. Shamba kana kubvisa mvura mushure mekushandisa kana zvichidikanwa. | Kuchenesa masero nemasero akawanda; mutengo wakaderera. |
| Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | 50–150 ppm isina chlorine | Kupfapfaidza kana kunyikisa pamusoro penzimbe kwemaminitsi mashanu kusvika gumi | Kugadzikana kwakanyanya, kushanda kwakasimba kwekubvisa utachiona | Dzora chlorine isina chlorine kudzivirira kukanganisa kuumbwa kwemuto uye ruvara. | Yakasimba kupfuura sodium hypochlorite; inoshanda zvakanyanya; chlorine yasara inodzorwa; inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzekugadzira chikafu. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | Inowedzerwa mumvura yekuchenesa kana kupfapfaidza pamusoro pemvura | Kuchenesa muviri, hapana zvasara, uye hazvikuvadzi nharaunda | Kudzora huwandu hwechinhu; kazhinji 0.1–0.5% yekurapa pamusoro pechinhu. Bata nekuchenjera panguva yekushanda. | Inoora isina zvasara; yakachengeteka uye isingakuvadzi nharaunda. |
| Mvura Inopisa / Utsi hwemvura | Mvura inopisa pa 80–90°C kana kusvuta pa 100°C | Kusukurudza nemvura inopisa kana mushonga weutsi kwemaminitsi 2-5 | Kuchenesa pasina kuwedzera makemikari | Kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda; kunoda michina yakakodzera; tevera matanho ekuchengetedza. | Hapana zvinowedzerwa zvemakemikari; zvinoderedza masara emakemikari. |
| Kuchenesa Midziyo/Nzvimbo Yekuchenesa Mvura | SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Kucheneswa kwemidziyo, mota dzekutakura | Inodzivirira kusvibiswa kwechipiri | Gara uchitsiva uye uchitarisa huwandu hwechlorine husina kuchena. | — |
Maitiro Anokurudzirwa
Kana nzimbe ikapinda mufekitori, inotanga yasukwa nemvura yakachena kuti ibvise ivhu netsvina.
Zvadaro, kubvisa utachiona pamusoro pemvura kunoitwa nekupfapfaidza SDIC kana sodium hypochlorite ine huwandu hushoma zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Matsime emvura nemidziyo yekuchenesa yefekitori yeshuga zvinofanirwawo kucheneswa nemishonga inouraya utachiona nguva nenguva kuitira kuti nharaunda yese ive yakachena.
Kubvisa Muto
Mushure medanho rekutanga rekuchenesa nekuuraya utachiona. Danho rinotevera nderekubvisa muto wenzimbe. Muto wacho unowanzo bviswa nekushandisa michina yekudzvanya kana kupararira kwemvura. Danho iri rinosanganisira kupwanya chimiro chakaoma chenzimbe uye kubvisa muto wacho kubva mairi.
Kazhinji, muchina wekuita juicer wenzimbe une michina mitatu inotenderera pamwe chete nemuchina wekucheka kana kuti mabhandi anotenderera. Mushure mekunge nzimbe yagadziriswa pabhandi rimwe chete, inoendeswa kune rimwe bhandi rekutakura kuti ibudise muto wakawanda. Zvisinei, mvura isati yatakurwa, inotanga yasaswa kuti ibudise muto wacho zvakare. Zvasara zvinosara mushure mekuiswa muto zvinonzi masaga.
Muto une tsvina inonyungudika uye yakasungirirwa, kusanganisira shinda dzemiti, mapuroteni uye kunyange zvidimbu zvevhu zvakagezwa zvachose. Tsvina iyi inofanira kugadziriswa kuti iwedzere kushanda kwekuchenesa uye kugadzira kristalo.
Kujekeswa kweMuto weNzimbe
Kucheneswa kwemuto ndiyo nhanho inonyanya kukosha pakutanga kwekugadzirwa kweshuga. Chinangwa ndechekubvisa tsvina (yakadai sevhu, mapuroteni, colloid, organic acid, nezvimwewo) kubva mumuto wenzimbe uye kunatsiridza kuchena kwawo. Kazhinji, nzira yeLime inotorwa, pamwe chete nenzira ye phosphorus flotation kana nzira ye carbonation.
Kushandiswa kwemakemikari
Lime (CaO)/mukaka weraimu (Ca(OH)2): Inoderedza zvinhu zvine acid uye inoderedza tsvina.
Kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO2)2(inoshandiswa nenzira yecarbonation): Inosangana ne lime kugadzira calcium carbonate precipitate, iyo inonyungudutsa tsvina.
Rubatsiro rweFlocculant/coagulant: Runobatsira kuti zvinhu zvakasungirirwa zvigadzikane nekukurumidza.
Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), nezvimwewo.
Sarufa (SO2) kana sodium sulfite: Inobatsira pakucheneswa kwebvudzi, kubvisa ruvara uye kubvisa tsvina mu phosphorus flotation.
Kusefa uye Kupisa
Mushure mekucheneswa, muto unofanirwa kuseferwa kuti ubvise tsvina. Kupisa muto usati wapwa kwakakosha, sezvo zvichibatsira kuderedza kusviba kwemuto uye kudzivirira kukura kwehutachiona.
Kubuda kwemvura uye Kuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe nechimwe
Muto wemuchero unozoiswa mu syrup uchishandisa multi-effect evaporator, zvichideredza hunyoro kubva pa85% kusvika pa30-40%. Kubvisa hunyoro mu vacuum kunobatsira kuchengetedza hunhu hweshuga, asi kunewo mamwe matambudziko ekushanda:
- Mapuroteni akanyungudutswa uye zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zvinokonzera kuumbwa kwefuro.
- Kuungana kwemaseko pamusoro pe evaporator.
Mashandisirwo eKemikari:
Zvinobvisa furo: Zvinobvisa furo zvine silicone zvinodzivirira furo pakupisa kwakanyanya. Zvinobvisa furo zvine poliether nemafuta zvine alcohol zvakakodzera masisitimu emvura yemichero ane furo repakati.
Zvidziviriri zveScale/Dispersants: Zvinodzivirira kuumbwa kwecalcium carbonate kana sulfate scale mu evaporator.
Kukanganisa: Kudzora furo zvakanaka uye kudzivirira kukura kunoita kuti kupfungaira kuende zvakanaka, kupisa kunoshanda zvakanyanya, uye nguva shoma yekuzorora.
Kugadzirwa kwekristaro
Maitiro ekugadzira shuga ne crystallization (anowanzo zivikanwa muindasitiri se "boiler") idanho rakakosha mukushandura shuga ne crystallization kuita ma crystals e sucrose akasimba. Syrup ne crystallization inobikwa mu vacuum kettle kuti itange crystallization ye shuga. Crystallization yakakodzera yakakosha pakugadzira shuga, saizi ye crystal, uye ruvara. Iyi inzira yakaoma ye physicochemical yakagadzirirwa kudzora saizi uye kufanana kwema crystals e sucrose akaomeswa.
Zvishandiso zvekubvisa furo zvinowanzo shandiswa mukuita uku. Zvishandiso zvekubvisa furo zvinodzora kuumbwa kwefuro panguva yekufashaira, zvichidzivirira kuzara kwesirapu.
Kugadzika kwekristaro kunowedzera goho reshuga uye kunoderedza kurasikirwa panguva yekushandiswa kwe centrifugation.
Kuparadzanisa & Kudzora
Mushure mekuumbwa kwekristaro, makristaro anoparadzaniswa kubva kumamolasses achishandisa centrifuge uye obva aomeswa kuburikidza nemapombi anopisa. Mamolasses anogona kugadziriswa zvakare kuti agadzire ethanol, chikafu chemhuka, kana zvimwe zvinoshandiswa.
Kubvisa Ruvara uye Kunatsa
Kubvisa ruvara uye kunatswa ndicho chikamu chekupedzisira mukugadzira shuga, chinonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira shuga chena yakacheneswa yakachena (yakadai seshuga yakacheneswa kana shuga yedombo). Chikamu ichi chinoda kushandiswa kwemakemikari akawanda uye zvinokwezva.
Makemikari anoshandiswa zvakanyanya anosanganisira:
Kabhoni inogadzirwa (hupfu kana granules): Inosveta polyphenols, caramel, nedzimwe pigments.
Kubvisa ruvara rwemaresini/maion exchange resins: Bvisa ma ionic neasiri ionic combines ane ruvara.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): Inoderedza mavara asara, zvichiita kuti ruvara rwesirasi ruwedzere kujeka.
Zvinobvisa ruvara: Iva nechokwadi chekuti ICUMSA haina kunaka uye kuti ine mhando yepamusoro yekuona.
Zviri pamusoro apa zvinotsanangura maitiro makuru uye mashandisirwo emakemikoro muindasitiri yeshuga.
Makemikari Akabatana Ratidza:
Mvura yakasviba inobva muindasitiri yeshuga inorapwa sei?
Mafekitori eshuga anogadzira mvura yakasviba panguva yekugadzira shuga. Mvura iyi yakasviba yakaoma uye ine kusvibiswa kwakanyanya, inoda kugadziriswa kwemvura zvakanaka isati yaburitswa.
Mvura yakasviba inonyanya kubva mukusuka zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa, kuchenesa michina, mvura yakasviba inogadzirwa neshuga, mvura inotonhodza/inodziya, uye kufashaira kwemvura muboiler. Mvura yakasviba iyi inoratidzwa neCOD neBOD yakakwira kwazvo (nekuda kwehuwandu hweshuga), huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakasimba zvakamiswa, kuora kwakasimba, uye dzimwe nguva ine mafuta nevhu. Nokudaro, musanganiswa wemaitiro - kurapwa kwekutanga + kuomeswa kwemvura uye kupwanyika kwemvura + kurapwa kwebiological + kurapwa kwepamusoro - kunowanzo shandiswa kurapa mvura yakasviba iyi. Nzira dzakajairika dzekurapa dzinosanganisira kurapwa kwemuviri (senge kupwanywa kwemvura uye kusefa), kurapwa nemakemikari (senge kupwanywa kwemvura uye kunyoroveswa kwemvura), uye kurapwa kwebiological (senge kutsvedza kwemvura uye nzvimbo dzakavakirirwa).
Ndeapi makemikari anodiwa kurapa mvura yakasviba inobva muindasitiri yeshuga?
Matanho chaiwo uye mashandisirwo emakemikari ndeaya anotevera:
| Danho reKurapa | Chinangwa | Makemikoro Anokurudzirwa | Mabasa Makuru |
| 1. Kugeza Zvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa & Kurapa Kwekutanga | Bvisa jecha, matope, shinda, zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa | PAC (Polyaluminum Chloride) | Kukurumidza kuonda, kubviswa kweSS uye turbidity |
| PAM (Polyacrylamide) – Anionic/Nonionic | Kuumbwa kwefloc, kunowedzera kugadzikana | ||
| Mudzivisi weDefoamer | Inodzora furo rinogadzirwa panguva yekusuka nzimbe uye kubvisa muto | ||
| 2. Kuenzanisa & Kugadzirisa pH | Gadzirisa mhando ine simba, gadzirisa pH yemaitiro epasi | Lime (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Inosimudza pH, kubvisa kuomarara zvishoma |
| Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | Kugadzirisa pH kwakanyatsojeka | ||
| Asidhi yeSulfuric / Asidhi yeHydrochloric | Inoderedza pH | ||
| Mudzivisi weDefoamer | Inoderedza furo mubhavhu rekuenzanisa | ||
| 3. Kuvhara & Kubatanidza (Kuparadza Kwemvura) | Bvisa zvinhu zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa, makorodhi, penda; deredza COD | PAC / PolyDADMAC / Polyamine | Ma coagulants ekutanga ekubvisa turbidity uye ruvara |
| PAM (Anionic) | Inovandudza simba refloc uye kumhanya kwekugadzikana | ||
| Zvinobatsira pakubatanidza ropa (semuenzaniso, Magnesium Silicate) | Inowedzera kujeka uye kugadzirisa mashandiro | ||
| 4. Kurapa kweAnaerobic Biological (UASB, EGSB) | Deredza mutoro wakawanda wezvinhu zvakasikwa (COD, BOD) | Zvinowedzera Kudya (N & P sources) | Chengetedza mashandiro ehutachiona uye hutano hwemhuka |
| Zvinogadzirisa pH | Chengetedza pH yakakwana (6.8–7.2) yebhakitiriya risingakuvadzi | ||
| Mudzivisi weDefoamer | Inoderedza furo rinokonzerwa nebiogas | ||
| 5. Kurapa Nemhepo (Kushandiswa Kwetsvina, SBR) | Kuderedza COD, BOD, ammonia | Zvinowedzera Zvinovaka Muviri (N & P) | Ipai zvinovaka muviri zvakaenzana kutupukanana |
| Mudzivisi weDefoamer | Inodzora furo panguva yekufefetera | ||
| Maenzayimu eBio / Kukura kweMabhakitiriya | Inowedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu | ||
| 6. Kurapwa Kwepamusoro (Kana mitemo yakasimba yekubuda kwemwana ichishanda) | Vandudza kujeka, bvisa COD yasara, SS, ruvara | Polyamine / PolyDADMAC | Kubvisa ruvara rwakasimba uye matope |
| PAC | Kubviswa kwekuwedzera kweSS necolloid | ||
| PAM (Huremu Hwakawanda hweMamorekuru) | Kupwanya kwekupedzisira uye kupukuta | ||
| Kabhoni Yakagadzirwa | Inobvisa ruvara, hwema, uye zvasara zve organic | ||
| 7. Kuuraya utachiona uye Kushandisazve Mvura | Iva nechokwadi chekuti utachiona hwakachengeteka pakuburitswa kana kushandiswazve | Karusiyamu Hypochlorite | Kuuraya utachiona zvine simba |
| Sodium Hypochlorite | Mishonga inouraya utachiona inoshandiswa paindaneti | ||
| SDIC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Kuburitswa kwechlorine kwakasimba uye kwenguva refu | ||
| Asidhi yeTrichloroisocyanuric (TCCA) | Kuwanda kwechlorine, chlorination inoburitsa zvishoma nezvishoma |
Kugadzira shuga inzira yakaoma yeindasitiri inoda kudzorwa kwakanyatsojeka padanho rega rega—kubva pakugadzira zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa uye kuisirwa muto kusvika pakujeka, kupwanya, kucheneswa, uye kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba. Danho rega rega rine matambudziko aro, anosanganisira zvinhu zvakamiswa, ruvara, mashandiro ehutachiona, kuumbwa kwefuro, uye kuunganidzwa kwechiyero. Nekubatanidza makemikari akakodzera mudanho rega rega rekugadzirwa kweshuga, magayo eshuga anogona kuwedzera kubuda, kuvandudza kunaka kwekristaro, kuwedzera ruvara, kuderedza kurasikirwa, uye kuderedza nguva yekushanda. Panguva imwe chete, mhinduro dzemakemikari dzakagadziriswa dzinobatsira mukuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nekurapa mvura yakasviba zviri nani uye kuderedza marara emakemikari.
Kusarudza mubatsiri wemakemikari akakodzera kunoita kuti mafekitori eshuga awedzere kushanda zvakanaka, ave nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chacho chinoshanda zvakanaka nguva dzose, awedzere hupenyu hwemichina, uye awane kugona kushanda zvakanaka kwenguva refu.